References

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins:

1. Bergdoll, M.S. Enterotoxins. In Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections, 2. (1983) Academic Press, London. (SEA-E)

2. Freed, R.C., M.L. Evenson, R.F. Reiser, M.S. Bergdoll. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Foods. (1982) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1349-55.

3. Bergdoll, M.S. et al. A New Staphylococcal Enterotoxin, Enterotoxin F, Associated with Toxic-Shock-Syndrome Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates. (1981) Lancet. 1017-21. (SEF aka TSST-1)

4. Munson, S.H. et al. Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types G and I from Staphylococcus aureus. (1998) Infection and Immunity. 66:3337-48.

5. Su, Y.-C. and A.C.L. Wong. Identification and Purification of a New Staphylococcal Enterotoxin, H. (1995) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1438-43.

6. Zhang, S. et al. The Enterotoxin D plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a second enterotoxin determinant (SEJ).

7. Owen, P.M. et al. Biochemical and Biological Properties of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin K. (2001) Infection & Immunity. 69:360-366.

8. SEL, Dr. Pat Schlievert’s Group (Unpublished)

9. Jarraud, S. et al. egc, A Highly Preventive Operon of Enterotoxin Gene, Forms a Putative Nursery of Superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. 2001. J. Immunology. 166:669-677. An Erratum to this article was published in J. Immunology 166:4259. (SEM, N & O)

10. Reiser, R.F. et al. Purification and Some Physicochemical Properties of Toxic-Shock-Toxin. (1983) Biochemistry. 22:3907-12. (TSST-1)

11. Reiser, R.F. et al. Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus Restricted to Endogenous Air in Tampons. (1987) J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:1450-52.

12. Schlievert, P.M. et al. Identification an Characterization of an Exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Toxic-Shock Syndrome. (1981) Infect. Dis.143:509-516. [This the first reference to Pyrogenic Exotoxin C. (PEC, aka SEF & TSST-1)]

13. Schlievert, P.M. & J.A. Kelly. Staphylococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C: Further Characterization. (1982) Ann. Intern. Med. 96(6 pt. 2):982-986

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins as Superantigens:

1. Taranta, A. Lymphocyte Mitogens of Staphylococcal Origin. (1974) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 236:362-375.

2. White, J. et al. The Vß-Specific Superantigen Enterotoxin B: Stimulation of Mature T Cells and Clonal Deletion in Neonatal Mice. (1989) Cell. 56:27-35. [Note: This is the 1st paper to use the term Superantigen!]

3. Marrack, P. & J. Kappler. The Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and Their Relatives. (1990) Science. 248:705-711.

4. Johnson H. et al. Superantigens in Human Disease. (1992) Scientific American. April: 92-101.

5. Hudson, K.R. et al. Two Adjacent Residues in Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A and E Determine T Cell Receptor Vß Specificity. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 177:175-184.

6. Kotb, M. Bacterial Pyrogenic Exotoxins as Superantigens. (1995) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8:411-426.

7. Proft,T. & J. Fraser. Superantigens: Just Like Peptides Only Different. (1998) J. Clin. Immunol. Bernal, A. et al. 19:149-157.

8. Al-Daccak, R. et al. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin D Is a Promiscuous Superantigen Offering Multiple Modes of Interactions with the MHC Class II Receptors. (1998) J. Immunology. 160:225-232.

9. Jarraud, S. et al. egc, A Highly Prevalent of Enterotoxin Gene, Forms a Putative Nursery of Superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. (2001) J. Immunology. 166:669-677.

10. LeClaire, R.D. and S. Bavari. Human Antibodies to Bacterial Superantigens and Their Ability To Inhibit T-Cell Activation and Lethality. (2001) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 45:460-463.

Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxins as Superantigens

1. Imanishi, K. et al. Activation of Murine T-Cells by Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin Type A. Requirement for MHC Class II Molecules on Accessory Cells and Identification of Vβ Elements in T-Cell Receptor of Toxin-reactive T-Cells. (1990) J. Immunol. 145:3170-3176.

2. Li, P-L. et al. The Superantigen Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C (SPE-C) Exhibits a Novel Mode of Action. (1997) J. Exp. Med. 186:375-383.

3. McCormick, J.K. et al. Functional Characterization of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin J, a Novel Superantigen. (2001) Infection and Immunity 69:1381-1388.

Shiga Toxin & Monoclonal Antibodies to SLT-1 & 2

1. Strockbine, N.A. et al. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Shiga-Like Toxin from Escherichia coli. 1985. Infection and Immunity. 50:695-700.

2. Pouch Downes, F. et al. Affinity Purification and Characterization of Shiga-Like Toxin II and Production of toxin-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Infection and Immunity. 56:1926-1933.

3. Perera, L.P. et al. Isolation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Shiga-Like Toxin II of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in a Colony Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. 1988. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2127-213

4. Padhye, V.V. et al. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Verotoxins 1 and 2 from Escherichia coli of Serotype O 157:H7. 1989. J. Med. Micro. 30:219-226.

Bioterrorism & Bacterial Toxins

1. Christopher, G.W., et al. Biological Warfare—A Historical Perspective. 1997. JAMA. 278:412-417.

2. Franz, D.R., et al. Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological Agents. 1997. JAMA. 278:399-411.

3. Schmitt, C.K. et al. Bacterial Toxins: Friends or Foes? 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 5:224-234.

4. Greenfield, R.A., et al. Microbiological, Biological, and Chemical Weapons of Warfare and Terrorism. 2002. Am. J. Med. Sci. 323:326-340.